What happens to reptiles in the winter 2024?

As a herpetologist with a keen interest in the behavior of reptiles, I can provide a detailed account of how these fascinating creatures cope with the winter months. Reptiles, being ectothermic, or cold-blooded, are highly dependent on the external environment to regulate their body temperature. This dependency makes their survival strategies during the colder seasons particularly intriguing.

Hibernation
The most common strategy employed by reptiles to survive the winter is hibernation. This is a state of inactivity characterized by low metabolic rate, body temperature close to that of the environment, and minimal energy expenditure. Many reptiles, such as turtles, tortoises, and lizards, seek out hibernation sites that offer protection from the elements and predators. For instance, as you mentioned, painted turtles often descend to the bottom of bodies of water that do not freeze entirely, allowing them to hibernate in a relatively stable environment.

Brumation
While hibernation is a well-known phenomenon, reptiles also exhibit a similar state known as brumation, which is more common in temperate regions. Brumation is a period of dormancy that is less severe than hibernation and typically occurs during the colder months. During brumation, reptiles may still move around and eat occasionally, but their activity levels are significantly reduced.

Freezing Tolerance
Some reptiles, like the garter snakes you mentioned, have developed a unique adaptation to survive freezing conditions. These snakes can tolerate freezing to some extent, with their bodies producing a type of 'antifreeze' that prevents ice crystals from forming inside their cells. This adaptation allows them to survive in areas with harsh winter climates.

Behavioral Changes
In preparation for winter, reptiles undergo various behavioral changes. They may become more active in the fall, feeding heavily to build up fat reserves that will sustain them throughout the winter. Some species also exhibit migratory behavior, moving to more favorable locations where they can hibernate or brumate.

Garter snakes also seem to have some tolerance for freezing. Most of our reptiles though, including garter snakes, avoid winter weather (and freezing temperatures) by hibernating. Except for hatchlings, painted turtles do this by going to the bottom of ponds or lakes that do not freeze solid.